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Iran

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  Iran  , also called  Persia , and officially the  Islamic Republic of Iran   , is a country in  Western Asia .  It is bordered to the northwest by  Armenia  and  Azerbaijan ,   to the north by the  Caspian Sea , to the northeast by  Turkmenistan , to the east by  Afghanistan  and  Pakistan , to the south by the  Persian Gulf  and the  Gulf of Oman , and to the west by  Turkey  and  Iraq . Its central location in  Eurasia  and proximity to the  Strait of Hormuz  give it significant  geostrategic  importance. Tehran  is the capital and largest city, as well as the leading economic and cultural hub; it is also the most populous city in Western Asia, with more than 8.8 million residents, and up to 15 million including the metropolitan area. With 83 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's  17th most populous country . Spanning 1,648,195...

Lithuania

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  Lithuania , officially the  Republic of Lithuania , is a country in the  Baltic region  of  Europe . Lithuania is one of the  Baltic states .The country is situated along the southeastern shore of the  Baltic Sea , to the southeast of  Sweden  and  Denmark . It is bordered by  Latvia  to the north,  Belarus  to the east and south,  Poland  to the south, and  Kaliningrad Oblast  (a  Russian   exclave ) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.8 million people as of 2019, and its capital and largest city is  Vilnius . Other major cities are  Kaunas  and  Klaipėda .  Lithuanians  are  Baltic people . The official language,  Lithuanian , is one of only two living languages in the  Baltic branch  of the  Indo-European  language family, the other being  Latvian . For centuries, the southeastern shores of the ...

Latvia

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  Latvia  , officially known as the  Republic of Latvia , is a country in the  Baltic region  of  Northern Europe .Since Latvia’s independence in 1918, it has been referred to as one of the  Baltic states . It is bordered by  Estonia  to the north,  Lithuania  to the south,  Russia  to the east,  Belarus  to the southeast, and shares a  maritime border  with  Sweden  to the west. Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants    and a territory of 64,589 km 2  (24,938 sq mi). Its capital and largest city is  Riga ; other notable  major cities  in Latvia are  Daugavpils ,  Liepāja ,  Jelgava  and  Jūrmala . The country has a  temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates the climate, although the country has four distinct seasons and snowy winters. After centuries of  Swedish ,  Polish  and  Russian rule , ...

Spain

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  Spain  officially the  Kingdom of Spain  is a country in  Southwestern Europe  with some pockets of territory across the  Strait of Gibraltar  and the  Atlantic Ocean .Its continental European territory is situated on the  Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two  archipelagos : the  Canary Islands  off the coast of  North Africa , and the  Balearic Islands  in the  Mediterranean Sea . The African  enclaves  of  Ceuta ,  Melilla , and  Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera ,makes Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ). Several small islands  in the  Alboran Sea  are also part of Spanish territory.  The country's mainland  is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with  Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by  France ,  Andorra , an...

Iraq

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  Iraq ,officially the  Republic of Iraq  is a country in  Western Asia , bordered by  Turkey  to  the north ,  Iran  to  the east ,  Kuwait  to  the southeast ,  Saudi Arabia  to  the south ,  Jordan  to  the southwest  and  Syria  to  the west . The capital and largest city is  Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including  Arabs ,  Kurds ,  Assyrians ,  Turkmen ,  Shabakis ,  Yazidis ,  Armenians ,  Mandeans ,  Circassians ,  Sabians  and  Kawliya .Around 99% of the country's 38 million citizens are  Muslims , with tiny minorities of  Christians ,  Yarsans ,  Yezidis  and  Mandeans  also present. The official languages of Iraq are  Arabic  and  Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km (36 miles) on the northern  Persian Gulf ...